Likewise the Qadari says, “Whoever believes that Allah willed all things that exist and created the deeds of His servants has stripped the servants of ability and choice, making them compelled like lifeless objects that have neither will nor power.”

So too the Jahmi contends, “Whoever affirms that Allah is above the Throne has alleged that He is confined, a composite body, and comparable to His creation.”

And the Jahmis among the Muʿtazila claim, “Whoever attributes knowledge and power to Allah has asserted that He is a composite body and has likened Him to created beings, for these attributes are accidents, and an accident does not….”