[Abū al-Ḥasan’s rebuttal of those who interpret istiwāʾ as mere conquest:]
He then said:
Section: Some among the Muʿtazila, the Jahmiyya, and the Ḥarūriyya contend that the Almighty’s words, “The All-Merciful rose over the Throne” (Ṭā Hā 5), mean that He seized, possessed, and subdued; they further claim that Allah is in every place. Thus they deny that Allah is upon His Throne, as the people of truth affirm, and they explain istiwāʾ as referring only to absolute power.
If their interpretation were correct, there would be no difference between the Throne and the seventh earth, for Allah is capable of all things. The earth is within His power, as are privies and every part of the universe. Hence, were Allah’s istiwāʾ over the Throne to signify dominion—while He already dominates all things—it would follow that He is equally established over the Throne, the earth, the heavens, privies, and filthy places, because He has power and mastery over them all. Yet no Muslim permits the statement that Allah is established over latrines and sewers. Therefore, istiwāʾ over the Throne cannot mean a universal dominion that embraces everything; rather, it must mean