has paralleled the statement of the Christians—the Nestorians—regarding Christ, and that is outright disbelief in Almighty Allah. Whoever asserts that any of Allah’s attributes indwells in a servant, or maintains that Allah is in any way divisible, has committed unbelief. The Qur’an is the speech of Allah: it is neither created nor does it reside in any created being. However it is recited, read, or memorised, it remains an attribute of Allah. The act of study is not the thing studied, nor is the act of recitation the text recited; for He—glorified and exalted be He—with all His names and attributes is uncreated, and whoever claims otherwise is a disbeliever. We further believe that melodically ornamented chanting is an innovation and a deviation.