= movement took place in the late nineteenth century CE in India, in the Punjab region of Pakistan. He claimed prophethood and asserted that he was the Promised Messiah. The British assisted him in spreading his message. Among his false teachings were the abrogation of jihad, the obligation to obey the British government, and the claim that the descent of Jesus was a Christian fabrication. He also held that whoever says Jesus did not die has committed shirk (associating partners with Allah). He perished in 1908 CE. See Shaykh Manzūr Ahmad al-Pākistānī, *al-Qādiyānī wa-Mu’taqadātuhu*; and Abū al-Hasan al-Nadwī, *al-Qādiyāniyya: Thawra alā al-Nubuwwa wa-l-Islām* and *al-Qādiyānī wa-l-Qādiyāniyya: Dirāsa wa-Tahlīl*. (1) Bahā’ism: This movement was founded by a Persian named Mīrzā Alī Muhammad al-Shīrāzī, who styled himself “al-Bāb.” The Persian government imprisoned and subsequently executed him. He was succeeded by one of his followers, Bahā Allāh Mīrzā Husayn Alī. His doctrines included the abrogation of the Quran, the demolition of the Kaaba, and the abolition of the pilgrimage. He also claimed prophethood and wrote a book entitled *al-Kitāb al-Aqdas*. Bahā’ī doctrine subsequently developed to the point that its adherents claimed Bahā was God. The printing plate used for their publications bore the inscription: “Bahā, O my God.” See *Dirāsāt an al-Bahā’iyya wa-l-Bābiyya*, a collection of treatises by a group of Muslim writers, al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 2nd ed., Damascus, 1397 AH.