to ensuring the soundness of the performance itself and to rendering it its full due. When he does that, he achieves both mastery and accuracy.

Section on Standing and Sitting
Standing has three variants:
– According to the method of Master Ṭāhir (1), the archer stands opposite the target cloth, facing it squarely, his two feet level and spaced about a forearm’s breadth apart; this is what he taught his pupils.
– Master Abū Hāshim, however, would stand at a slight angle—midway between a full face-on stance and a pronounced oblique one. He maintained that this is the most balanced stance for shooting, and the majority of those who shoot at marked ranges adopt it.
– The Persians and the Byzantines advocate a much sharper oblique stance: the archer brings his left shoulder in line with the target cloth and sets one foot tight against the other (2).

Section
As for seated shooting, it has ten forms (3):
– According to Abū Hāshim’s method, the archer sits upon his right leg and sets