And if the archer were to say to an uninvolved person, “If I miss with this arrow, you shall have one dirham,” or, “If I am mistaken in answering this question, you shall have one dirham,” the contract is invalid, because a reward (juʿl) must be given in exchange for an act, and the outsider has performed no act.
However, if he says, “Should I miss, I am bound by a vow of one dirham,” or, “Whatever is in my hand is charity,” or, “It is incumbent upon me to fast for a month,” or, “to manumit a slave,” this is an oath-linked vow and is called the vow of obstinacy and anger (2) when his intent is that neither the condition nor the consequence actually occur.
There is a difference of opinion regarding what becomes obligatory when he breaks it, with three views recorded from al-Shāfiʿī (3):
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He must carry out whatever he obligated upon himself, whatever it may be. This is also the position of Mālik and, in the more famous of the two reports, of Abū Ḥanīfah (4).
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The expiation for an oath is required, and nothing else suffices (5).