and on cattle⦗1⦘ for a wager. Aḥmad, Mālik, and most of the Shāfiʿīs prohibited it, whereas the Ḥanafīs, some Shāfiʿīs, and a number of Aḥmad’s companions allowed it when the pigeons serve as carrier birds.

Issue Three: May prize money be offered for foot-races? Mālik, Aḥmad, and al-Shāfiʿī—according to his explicit, authoritative statement—ruled it impermissible. The Ḥanafīs and some Shāfiʿīs allowed it, although that view contradicts the Imam’s own text.

Issue Four: Is staking a prize in swimming contests permissible? The majority said it is not; some Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanafīs deemed it permissible.

Issue Five: Wrestling. Aḥmad, Mālik, and part of the Shāfiʿī school prohibited prize money for it, and this is in line with al-Shāfiʿī’s stance on foot-races. Others among his followers, together with the Ḥanafīs, allowed it.

Issue Six: Grappling hand-to-hand. The majority disallowed staking prize money on it, although there is a Shāfiʿī view permitting it. The Ḥanafī position likewise entails permissibility, for they allow it⦗2⦘ in