Al-FurūsiyyaIbn al-Qayyim

and divert people from the remembrance of Allah and from prayer, such as nard (backgammon), shatranj (chess), and the like.

• A third category is neither beloved to Allah nor detested by Him; rather, it is permitted because no overriding harm is involved, such as footraces, swimming, stone-lifting, wrestling, and similar activities.

As for the first type, it is legislated even when no stake (1) is placed, and whatever best fosters its attainment is likewise legislated. Thus, offering a stake is lawful—whether it is put forward by one contestant alone, by the other alone (2), by both of them together, or by an outsider. Consuming wealth through it is a rightful consumption, not wrongful, and it has nothing to do with gambling or games of chance.

The second type is forbidden both in itself and when accompanied by a stake (3); taking money through it is gambling and games of chance in every form—whether the stake comes from one of the two parties, from both of them (4), or from a third party. This is agreed upon by the Muslims (5).

If it is conducted without any stake (6), it is still prohibited according to the majority—whether it be nard (7) or shatranj.

(1) The phrase “wa maʿa ar-rahn” (and with the pledge) appears only in MS Ẓ. (2) MSS Ḥ and Mat omit: “wa mina al-akhari waḥdahu” (and from the other alone). (3) MS Mat reads: “ar-rahan” (the wager). (4) Absent from MS Mat. (5) In MS Ẓ the words “ghayr saʾigh” (invalid) follow. (6) MS Mat again has “ar-rahan” (the wager), whereas MS Ḥ reads “ar-rahoon” (the pledges). (7) Nard is a well-known gaming device; the term is a Perso-Arabic loan (nardashir) rather than a native Arabic word. See Lisan al-Arab 3:321. It is also called az-zahr, or simply backgammon.
عن ذكر الله تعالى وعن الصلاة، كالنَّرْد والشِّطْرنج وما أشبههما. * وقسمٌ ليس بمحبوب لله ولا مسخوطٍ له، بل هو مباحٌ؛ لعدم المضرَّة الراجحة، كالسِّبَاق على الأقدام، والسِّبَاحة، وشَيْلِ الأحْجَار، والصِّرَاع، ونحوِ ذلك. فالنَّوع الأول: يُشرع مفردًا عن الرهن (١)، ويشرع فيه كل ما كان أدعى إلى تحصيله، فيُشْرَعُ فيه بذل الرهن: من هذا وحده، ومن الآخر وحده (٢)، ومنهما معًا، ومن الأجنبيِّ. وأكل المال به أكلٌ بحقٍّ، ليس أكلًا بباطل، وليس من القمار والميسر في شيء. والنَّوع الثاني: محرَّم وحده، ومع الرهن (٣)، وأكل المال به ميسرٌ وقمارٌ كيف كان، سواء كان من أحدهما، أو من (٤) كليهما، أو من ثالث، وهذا باتِّفاق المسلمين (٥). فأما إنْ خلا عن الرهن (٦)، فهو أيضًا حرامٌ عند الجمهور؛ نَرْدًا (٧) كان أو شطرنجًا.
(١) قوله (ومع الرهن) من (ظ). (٢) سقط من (ح)، (مط) (ومن الآخر وحده). (٣) في (مط) (الرهان). (٤) سقط من (مط). (٥) وقع في (ظ) بعده (غير سائغ). (٦) في مط (الرهان)، وفي (ح) (الرهون). (٧) النرد: معروف، شيء يلعب به، فارسي معرَّب، وليس بعربي، وهو النردشير. انظر لسان العرب (٣/ ٣٢١) ويُسمَّى (الزَّهر، ولعبة الطاولة).

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