then one of the two alternatives of a contingent possibility could be preferred over the other with no determining cause whatsoever, and that would overturn all your own fundamental premises, as well as those of the Muʿtazilites and the philosophers, and would invalidate your very proof for the existence of the Maker.
Thus, together with the philosophers you are caught between two choices:
- Either you allow for events that have no first beginning, in which case the proof by which you established the world’s origination—your chief principle—collapses; or
- You do not allow it, in which case your proof for the world’s origination collapses all the same.
In either scenario, the argument that stands at the root of all your roots for the world’s origination is null and void. The Muʿtazilites agree with you on that root principle, yet the philosophers address them exactly as they address you.
As for the Muʿtazilites’ rejoinder, they say to you:
“If you concede that whatever is the locus of temporal events can only be a body, then you must also admit that whatever is the locus of attributes can only be a body, for reason (1) makes no distinction between events and attributes inhering in a subject. And if the subject in which attributes inhere can only be a body, while you yourselves say that attributes— which are in reality accidents—inhere in Him, it follows (2) that He must be a body; and a body is originated, so He would have to be originated.”
The Muʿtazilite will further argue: “Speech, life, knowledge, power, and the like can inhere in a subject that is not a body, and to claim that these attributes are not accidents is patently false by necessity.”
Your reply to the Muʿtazilites on this point was to say: “Just as you and we agree that Allah is living, knowing, and able yet is not a body, so He must possess life, knowledge, and power that are not accidents, that subsist in Him without His being a body.”
It is evident that this reply is not sound scholarship, nor does it silence the Muʿtazilites—or anyone else—for it may be said to you: the Muʿtazilites are mistaken either in claiming that these names apply to something that is not a body, or in claiming that these attributes can inhere only