could ever have been revealed from Allah, for you maintain that Allah is not above the universe; and had He been above it, then—according to you—the Qur’an would not have descended from Him but only from the empty air.
Moreover, in the issues of Names and Rulings you have opposed the Muʿtazilah with the very antithesis of their view, so that you refuted their innovation with innovations (1) almost identical to it—indeed, worse in one respect and lesser in another. The Muʿtazilah defined faith (imān) as a term that includes every act of obedience, whether word or deed, and it is well known that this is the position of the salaf and the imams (2). They also said that a sinful Muslim (3) is called neither a believer nor an unbeliever (4), and they asserted that sinners will dwell eternally in Hell, never leaving it through intercession or by any other means (5). In this they opposed the salaf and the imams, so their divergence lay in the ruling itself.
You, on the other hand, sided with the Jahmiyyah in their doctrines of irjāʾ and jabr, saying: “Faith is merely the heart’s affirmation even if the tongue says nothing.” In the judgment of the salaf and the imams, this is more reprehensible than the Muʿtazilah’s claim.
Then you added: “We do not know whether any of the sinners will enter the Fire, or whether none of them will.” Thus you halted and cast doubt upon the execution of the threat against the People of the Qiblah altogether, and this is recognized as one of the gravest innovations by the salaf and the imams, for they never disagreed (6) that some among those guilty of major sins must indeed enter it. The Muʿtazilah said: “Every sinner must enter it,” whereas you said: “We do not know (7) whether a sinner will enter it or not.” In this innovation you and they have met one another, and your statement