Al-TisʿīniyyaIbn Taimiya

Your concurrence in asserting that Allah is neither inside the universe nor outside it, that He is not above the cosmos at all—in fact, that He is not even “upon” anything whatsoever, since you have rejected from Him every notion of corporeality and its concomitants—places you, in this respect, alongside the Muʿtazilites. And although the Muʿtazilites went astray by denying the Vision (ru’ya) of Allah, they can at least point to explicit texts which they reinterpret and to rational arguments on which they rely—arguments far weightier than anything you bring forward to deny Allah’s separateness from His creation and His exaltation above the Throne.

What is astonishing is that you go on to claim: “Muhammad saw his Lord on the night of the miʿrāj (heavenly ascent),” even though this is a matter over which the Companions disagreed (1); or you flatly assert that he saw Him with his very eyes, when none of them ever said so.

(1) This issue was disputed among the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) and those who followed them. One group—including ʿĀʾisha (may Allah be pleased with her)—denied that the Prophet (peace be upon him) saw his Lord during the Night Ascension, while others—among them Ibn ʿAbbās (may Allah be pleased with him)—affirmed it. Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ, in his work al-Shifā’ (The Healing), vol. 1, pp. 375–388, discusses the disagreement of the early generations on this matter. On p. 386 he states: “There is no doubt that vision is permissible, since no verse explicitly prohibits it. As for its being incumbent upon our Prophet (peace be upon him), or the claim that he saw Him with his physical eye, there is likewise no conclusive proof or explicit text.” The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) says in al-Fatāwa (The Fatwas), vol. 6, pp. 509–510: “As for the vision, what is authentically reported in al-Ṣaḥīḥ on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās is that he said, ‘Muhammad saw his Lord with his fū’ād (heart) twice,’ whereas ʿĀʾisha denied the vision. Some scholars have reconciled their statements by explaining that ʿĀʾisha denied a vision with the physical eye, while Ibn ʿAbbās affirmed a vision of the heart. The expressions attributed to Ibn ʿAbbās appear sometimes without qualification—‘Muhammad saw his Lord’—and other times qualified by ‘in his fū’ād (heart).’ In no report does Ibn ʿAbbās explicitly state that the Prophet saw Him with his eye. … “Furthermore, there is nothing in the evidence that necessitates a physical-eye vision, nor is such a vision affirmed by any Companion or indicated in the Qur’an and Sunnah; indeed, the authentic texts negating it are stronger. For example, in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Abū Dharr reports: I asked the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), ‘Did you see your Lord?’ He replied, ‘How could I see Him when He is light?’” He then cites further Qur’anic and Prophetic evidences whose context implies a negation of ocular vision. Hence, it becomes clear—and Allah knows best—that the most appropriate position is to interpret the texts affirming “vision” as referring to the vision of the heart, and the texts negating “vision” as referring to vision with the physical eye. In this way the reports are harmonized and the difficulty is resolved.
موافقتكم على أن الله ليس بداخل العالم ولا خارجه، وأنه ليس فوق العالم، بل ولا على ما نفيتموه من الجسم وملازمه وكذلك المعتزلة وإن كانوا ضالين في مسألة إنكار الرؤية، فمعهم فيها من الظواهر التي تأولوها، والمقاييس التي اعتمدوا عليها أعظم مما معكم في إنكار مباينة الله لمخلوقاته وعلوه على عرشه. ومن العجب أنكم تقولون: إن محمدًا رأى ربه ليلة المعراج، وهذه مسألة نزاع بين الصحابة (١) ، أو تقولون: رآه بعينه، ولم يقل ذلك
(١) هذه المسألة مما اختلف فيها الصحابة -رضي الله عنهم ومن بعدهم- فذهبت طائفة -ومنهم عائشة رضي الله عنها- إلى إنكار رؤية النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - لربه ليلة المعراج، وذهب آخرون -ومنهم ابن عباس رضي الله عنهم- إلى إثباتها. وقد ذكر القاضي عياض في كتابه "الشفا" ١/ ٣٧٥ - ٣٨٨: اختلاف السلف في هذه المسألة، ثم قال في ص: ٣٨٦: ". . ولا مرية في الجواز إذ ليس في الآيات نص في المنع، وأما وجوبه لنبينا - صلى الله عليه وسلم - والقول بأنه رآه بعينه فليس فيه قاطع أيضًا ولا نصّ". يقول الشيخ -رحمه الله- في الفتاوى ٦/ ٥٠٩، ٥١٠: "وأما الرؤية فالذي ثبت في الصحيح عن ابن عباس أنه قال: رأى محمد ربه بفؤاده مرتين، وعائشة أنكرت الرؤية، فمن الناس من جمع بينهما فقال: عائشة أنكرت رؤية العين، وابن عباس أثبت رؤية الفؤاد. والألفاظ الثابتة عن ابن عباس هي مطلقة، أو مقيدة بالفؤاد. تارة يقول: رأى محمد ربه، وتارة يقول رآه محمد. ولم يثبت عن ابن عباس لفظ صريح بأنه رآه بعينه. . إلى أن قال: ". . وليس في الأدلة ما يقتضي أنه رآه بعينه ولا ثبت ذلك عن أحد من الصحابة ولا في الكتاب والسنة ما يدل على ذلك، بل النصوص الصحيحة على نفيه أدل كما في صحيح مسلم عن أبي ذر قال: سألت رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - هل رأيت ربك؟ فقال: "نور أنى أراه؟ ". ثم ذكر الأدلة من الكتاب والسنة الدالة بمفهومها على نفي الرؤية بالعين. فمن هذا يتضح - والله أعلم - أن الرأي الأمثل في هذه المسألة أن تحمل النصوص الواردة في الإثبات على رؤية القلب والنصوص الواردة في النفي على رؤية البصر وبهذا تأتلف النصوص ويزول الإشكال.

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