—namely knowledge, religion, and jihad. Whoever claims to have attained, in the knowledge of the fundamentals of the faith or in striving (jihad), something that the Companions did not attain is among the most ignorant and misguided of people. He is like those ascetics and devotees who allege that they have reached, in acts of worship, spiritual insights, stations, and states, levels never achieved by the Companions. The extremism of such groups may even drive them to prefer themselves and their paths over the prophets and their paths; yet, when examined, you find them (1) to be the most ignorant, misguided, immoral, and feeble of humankind.
Fourteenth (2): It may be said to him: These individuals whom you have dubbed “the people of truth,” and whom you claim realized in the fundamentals of the religion what the Companions did not, are self-contradictory in matters of both revelation and reason.
As for revealed matters: at times they allegorically interpret the texts of the Qur’an and Sunnah, and at other times they denounce all interpretation. Thus, when they debate the philosophers and the Muʿtazilites, who consistently allegorize the texts concerning the divine attributes, they repudiate them and affirm for Allah life, knowledge, power, hearing, sight, and similar attributes. Yet when they debate those who affirm additional attributes established by the Book and the Sunnah—such as love, pleasure, wrath, anger, detestation, joy, laughter, and the like—they resort to allegorical interpretation. They possess no reliable criterion for what should be interpreted and what should not: some defer to reason, while others refer to (3) mystical unveiling. Most of their theologians (4) say, “Whatever reason establishes as certain may not be allegorically interpreted, whereas whatever is not (5) established by reason must be interpreted.” And among them are those who say: whatever is known to be affirmed