Thirteenth:
The degree to which Abū al-Maʿālī and those who follow him understand the standing of those imams whose leadership the entire Muslim community has unanimously acknowledged is no greater than their understanding of the Companions and the Followers; indeed, the very texts of the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—testify to this. I have noticed Abū al-Maʿālī, in the midst of his discourse, mentioning something whose outward form looks like (1) an apology for the Companions, but whose inner reality betrays ignorance of their true status; if carried to its logical conclusion it would entail sheer unbelief and hypocrisy. He sets about excusing the fact that the Companions did not lay down the foundations (uṣūl) of the religion or formulate its principles, saying:
“Because they were occupied with jihad and fighting and had no time for that.” (2)
Such is what appears in his words. They say this only because they know that the Companions never articulated these foundations and principles which they themselves claim are the fundamentals of the religion, while assuming those foundations to be sound and the religion incomplete without them. Yet the Companions—may Allah be pleased with them—enjoy in every Muslim heart such immense reverence that these people could not openly denigrate them and thus resemble the Rāfiḍa who speak ill of the Companions; instead they took from Rāfiḍism one strand, just as they adopted from Jahmism another (3). Even so, (4) what they borrowed is less than what the Muʿtazila absorbed from Rāfiḍism and Jahmism when Rāfiḍism came under the sway of Jahmism and shifted from anthropomorphism to outright negation and Jahmism. These men patterned their theology on that of the Muʿtazila, yet they were more upright than the Muʿtazila, closer to the Sunnah, and nearer to the affirmers (ahl al-ithbāt) in the fundamentals of kalām. For this reason, the Maghribis who followed Muḥammad ibn Tūmart—himself a disciple of Abū al-Maʿālī—proved to be sounder and nearer to Islam than