He said: These, then, are the replies of those imams who, in their own era, were the scholars of the ummah. As for the Hanafi Chief Justice (1) al-Damghani, he was known in his day as “the second Abu Hanifah.” As for the shaykh, the imam Abu Ishaq—his excellence was famed across the horizons—and as for the shaykh (2) Abu Bakr (3) al-Shashi, his rank is concealed from neither the seasoned scholar nor the novice.
I say: This fatwa and its response were written during the turmoil stirred up by Ibn al-Qushayri (4) when he arrived in Baghdad, for the ruler of Khurasan, Mahmud ibn Sebuktigin, had ordered (5) throughout his realm that the people of innovation be cursed from the pulpits. So they were cursed, and the Ashʿaris (6) were included among them,
= References: Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafiʿiyya, vol. 4, pp. 219–221; Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafiʿiyya, vol. 6, pp. 70–78.
(1) In Tabyīn Kidhb al-Muftarī (Exposing the Slanderer): Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥanafī. His biography is given above.
(2) The text between the brackets is omitted in the Tahqīq edition.
(3) In the Tahqīq edition and in Tabyīn Kidhb al-Muftarī: al-Imām Abū Bakr.
(4) Ibn ʿAsākir states: “Among the trials he endured in religion and creed was the factionalism that arose between the two parties from AH 440 to 455, some governors’ inclination towards personal whims, and some leaders’ and judges’ attempts to create confusion. This led to the suspension of his gatherings and the dispersal of his followers. He became the target of their envy, forcing him to leave his homeland. He then went to Baghdad and appeared before the Commander of the Faithful, al-Qaʾim bi-Amr Allāh, where he found favour. The caliph convened a session in which he debated his private opponents in the caliph’s presence; his remarks were recorded from that session, and an order was issued to honour and esteem him.”
See Tabyīn Kidhb al-Muftarī, pp. 274–275; also Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafiʿiyya, vol. 5, p. 157.
(5) The original reading was quddam, which is a corruption.
(6) The original reading was al-Ashʿarī; this is confirmed by both the Sanandajī (S) and Tahqīq (T) editions and is probably correct. In AH 408, the caliph al-Qādir bi-Allāh granted amnesty to the Muʿtazilite jurists, who professed repentance and disavowed Muʿtazila, the Rafīḍah, and any doctrines contrary to Islam. They submitted written declarations accordingly, acknowledging that any future deviation would incur punitive measures as a warning to others, and they swore allegiance to the state by order of the caliph, through Maḥmūd ibn Sabuktakīn.