the sound of a human being?
Our scholars have given two replies to this:
The first: When we say that what (1) becomes manifest, through the movements of the human vocal apparatus within the sphere of his capability, of sounds, is nothing other than the Qur’an—the speech of God—it is neither the servant himself, nor from him, nor attributable (2) to him in the manner of generation, reaction, or intellectual production. Rather, it is ascribed to God Most High only to the extent that attribution (3) itself requires, and what that attribution requires is that it be the Qur’an, the speech of God. We are agreed that the Qur’an, as the speech of God, is eternal and uncreated. Therefore we must (4) say that what reaches the ear is the sound of God, for the servant has no hand in bringing it into being. This is a sound answer, built upon that foundational principle which has been established by clear and decisive proofs.
The second answer: They say that, since custom shows that the loudness of sounds grows with increased exertion, and since people differ in their manner of performance, some maintain that the Qur’an should be recited in such a way that nothing is added to it; this alone suffices to convey it to the ear—if the measure is reduced it will not reach, and if it is exceeded the surplus will reach beyond what is needed—whether by raising the voice, or by performance features such as prolongation, glottalization, emphasis, and other ornaments of recitation and refinements of delivery by force and beautification. Whatever is indispensable for achieving audibility and completing comprehension—that (5) is what is eternal; but whatever accompanies it as an excess that, were it omitted, would not affect anything needed for hearing and understanding, is attributed to the servant. This clarifies that the eternal has been conjoined—