in essence, triune in attributes, 1 yet they are not content with even this, as has already been noted. Instead, they declare that the Three are jawāhir (substances), and that the entity which united with the Messiah is but one of those substances 2 to the exclusion of the others. 3 Hence it becomes evident that anyone who tries to restate their doctrine in a manner that seems intelligible ends up uttering falsehood. A case in point is the self-styled sophisticates 4 among them who say, “This is like saying: Zayd the physician, 5 Zayd the accountant, and Zayd the scribe; they are three men from the standpoint of attributes, yet a single man with respect to essence.” It can be replied that whoever speaks in this fashion does not go on to claim that it was Zayd the physician 6 who
(1) Shaykh al-Islam – may God have mercy upon him – addresses this assertion in his al-Jawab al-Saḥīḥ (vol. 3, p. 167), stating: “If you confined yourselves to saying that God is one and has multiple attributes, the majority of Muslims would not deny that; rather, they reject limiting those attributes to three, and this view is flawed for several reasons. First, for you the Father (al-Ab) is the divine essence (jawhar), not an attribute, so he can possess only the attributes of life (al-ḥayāt) and knowledge (al-ʿilm). Thus there would be one essence with two hypostases (aqnām), whereas you posit three. Second, God’s attributes are not confined to knowledge and life; He is also described by power (al-qudra) and others. Third, at times you interpret rūḥ al-qudus (Holy Spirit) as life, at other times as power, and at others as existence; likewise, you interpret al-kalima (the Word) alternately as knowledge, wisdom (al-ḥikma), and speech (al-kalām). Hence, your affirmation of only three attributes is manifestly untenable, and yet you deify each one, making life a god and knowledge a god, which is invalid.”
(2) The original reads minhumā (“of the two”), supported by manuscripts S and T; this is likely the reading best suited to the context.
(3) In manuscript T: al-ākhir (“the other”).
(4) kays: “reason” or “intellect”; kaīs: “the prudent one” (i.e. “the wise among them”). See Lisan al-ʿArab, vol. 6, p. 201 (s.v. kays). The reference is to Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī and other Christian theologians who sought to defend their position and present their doctrine rationally; they were mentioned above.
(5) The original reads al-ṭayyib (“the good”), corroborated by manuscripts S and T.
(6) The original reads Zayd al-Ṭayyib; in manuscript S: Zayd al-Ṭibb; the reading in manuscript T is confirmed. He is…