to a particular faction, as some have alleged. Nor is one verse confined to the trinity of hypostases and another to indwelling and union; rather, in every verse He—glorified be He—mentions the unbelief they share while describing it in three interconnected ways. They say:
The Messiah is Allah;
and they say:
He is the Son of Allah;
and they say:
Allah is the third of three—inasmuch as they have taken the Messiah and his mother as two deities apart from Allah, the former through union and the latter through indwelling. This (1) amounts to affirming three distinct gods (2) in addition to the hypostases, and thus it comprehends every form of Christian unbelief.
They maintain that the Godhead is a single substance possessing three hypostases. At times they treat these hypostases as substances and persons, and at other times as attributes and properties. (3) Thus they say that Existence is the Father, the Son is Knowledge, and the Holy Spirit is Life according to their early authorities—or Power according to their later ones. Hence they speak of “a Being who is knowing” or “speaking,” or, more fully, “a Being, knowing, and powerful.” Yet they also affirm that the Word, who is the Son, is a substance, and that the Holy Spirit likewise is a substance, and that the entity united with the Messiah is the substance of the Word, not the substance of the Father or of the Holy Spirit—about this they have no disagreement.
On this basis they all say: The Messiah is Allah, and they all say: He is the Son of Allah; for inasmuch as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are one God [and one substance] (4) and that substance united with the Messiah, the Messiah thereby became Allah. And since the Father is a substance, the Son a substance, and the Holy Spirit a substance, the one that united with him was the substance of the Son that