the Holy Spirit—one God. This is their doctrine of a single jawhar (substance) that possesses the aqānīm [the three which they regard as three jawāhir (substances) and three aqānīm (hypostases)] (1), that is, three attributes and distinctive properties. Their declaration, “He is God and the Son of God,” embodies the notions of ittiḥād (union) and ḥulūl (indwelling). On that basis, the first of the cited verses addresses, according to their own terminology, the trinitarian division of the aqānīm, while the other two deal with their concepts of indwelling and union. Thus, on this reading, every Quranic verse refutes one facet of their creed, just as, under the first interpretation, each verse targets a particular faction among them.
The second view (2)—and it is the one to which the Quran itself points (3)—holds that what is intended
‘Not three gods, but one God existing in three coequal persons (aqnūm) equal in essence (jawhar), distinguished from one another only in personhood, since they share one essence, one divine nature (lāhūt), and one self (dhāt). None of these three persons is greater, older, or more powerful than the others, for the three are equal in greatness (‘azīmah), eternality (azaliyah), and power in every respect—except in personhood. And we cannot fully comprehend these realities, for they are mysteries beyond human reason and perception.
He said: “Observe this contradiction and deception: they confess that the three are gods, then immediately contradict themselves by denying it.”
He—may Allah have mercy on him—relayed from Shaykh Raḥmatullāh al-Hindī in his work Izhar al-Ḥaqq and from al-Māwardī in A‘lam al-Nubuwwah evidence exposing the self-contradiction of these sects, showing that their claim is pure sophistry unacceptable to reason.
(1) In the original text: “Abū.” This reading is confirmed in manuscripts S, T, and in al-Majmū‘.
(2) Al-Tabarī records this in his Tafsīr (6/314) and Ibn al-Jawzī in Zād al-Masīr (2/403). Ibn Kathīr, in Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm (2/81), reports that the verse {Indeed, those who say, “Allah is the third of three”} was revealed concerning those who made Christ and his mother gods alongside Allah, thus making Allah “the third of three” in that sense. Al-Suddi commented that this is like what Allah says later in the same sūra: {And [Beware the Day] when Allah will say, “O Jesus, son of Mary, did you say to the people, ‘Take me and my mother as two gods besides Allah’?” He will say, “Exalted are You!”}. Ibn Kathīr adds: “This interpretation is the most evident.”
(3) In the original there is blank space between the quotation marks equivalent to two words at the beginning of the line; in manuscript S it is four words, in T two words. The reading here best fits the context. The same phrase also appears in Minhah al-Qarīb al-Mujīb fī al-Radd ‘alā ‘Ibād…