For He has declared the unbelief of those who say, “Allah is the third of three,” in one verse (1), and in another He has forbidden the People of the Scripture from uttering that claim. Thus there are two passages in which the Trinity is ascribed to them. In two other places He pronounces their unbelief for saying, “Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary,” whereas their attributing a child to Him is mentioned many times.
Know that some people maintain that these three assertions which Allah has attributed to the Christians correspond to the doctrines of their three sects: the Ya‘qūbiyya (2)—the worst among them, comprising the black-skinned peoples of Abyssinia and the Copts—and then the Melkites (3), who are the inhabitants of the northern regions of
(1) The text enclosed in parentheses is an addition found in manuscripts S and T.
(2) The Jacobites are a Christian sect founded by Jacob Baradaeus, a monk in Constantinople. They believe in three persons (aqānīm): Existence, Knowledge, and Life. They identify Existence with the Father, Knowledge with the Word, and Life with the Holy Spirit, yet assert that the Word (their person of Knowledge) became flesh and blood—thus God is Christ, manifest in His body and indeed one and the same. Some of them maintain that the Divine was revealed through the Human, so that Christ’s humanity manifested the divine essence, neither by the indwelling of part of it nor by a union in which the Word acts as an attribute, but simply as identical. The majority hold that Christ possesses one essence and one person, albeit composed of two essences (or, as they sometimes phrase it, one nature from two). Accordingly, the eternal divine essence and the created human essence combined, as soul and body unite, to form one essence and one person. They also claim that Mary gave birth to God, and regarding the crucifixion, they argue that it befell the person composed of two essences—had it affixed to only one nature the union would have failed. Exalted is God above such views. See al-Milla wa-l-Nihal by al-Shahrastānī, vol. 1, pp. 225–226; al-Fasl fī al-Milal wa-l-Awhāʼ wa-l-Nihal by Ibn Ḥazm, vol. 1, pp. 49–50; and Iʿtiqadāt Firaq al-Muslimīn wa-l-Mushrikīn by al-Rāzī, with its commentary al-Murshid al-Amīn ilā Iʿtiqadāt Firaq al-Muslimīn wa-l-Mushrikīn (ed. Ṭāhā ʿAbd al-Raʾūf and Muṣṭafā al-Ḥawwārī), pp. 131–132.
(3) In manuscripts S and T it reads “the Melkites.”