The initial purpose here is to discuss Allah’s Name al-Wāḥid and to show that it bears three meanings (1).
The first meaning is that He is the One who is not subject to division, partition, fragmentation, plurality, or composition. Some have said that this is in fact an exposition of the Name al-Aḥad, and that the oneness being stated here is of this kind. Their point in saying that He is not divided or partitioned is not merely to deny that one part of Him could separate from another, or that He could become two deities—claims akin to those advanced by Christians and polytheists. Muslims have never disputed such matters, for they are unquestionably true, and the early scholars likewise negated attributing parts to Allah in this sense.
Rather, their intent is that nothing of Him is witnessed or seen (2) to the exclusion of something else; nothing of Him is apprehended to the exclusion of something else; nothing of Him is known to the exclusion of something else; and it is impossible to point to any part of Him (3) apart from another. According to them, He does not possess within His own Self (4) an independent reality to which He could point selectively, or from which His servants could behold one portion and not another. Thus, when He manifests Himself to His servants and shows them from His sanctified Self whatever He wills, they maintain that such a thing is impossible.
Likewise, they cannot conceive that the servants might be veiled from Him by a screen separate from them that prevents their eyes from seeing Him (5), for a veil, in their view, can only conceal something that is a divisible body. Hence they deem it inconceivable that Allah should remove a veil from His Face so that the believers might behold Him, or that there could be any veil upon His Face in the first place, or that He could— (6)