of this perception, is the One who hears and sees thereby hearing (1) and seeing what He had not been hearing and seeing before, or is He not? If the answer is no, that would amount to denying that He hears and sees; but if the answer is yes, then He has heard and seen what He had not heard and seen previously (2).
It is self-evident that this is a positive reality subsisting in the very Essence of the One who hears and sees; it is not a mere negation, nor is there any middle ground between existence and non-existence. Were it a privation, then its denial—when one says, “He neither heard nor saw”—would itself be an affirmative predicate; and if that denial were an affirmative predicate, it would be impossible (3) to ascribe it to what is nonexistent, for the nonexistent cannot be described by what is real.
The confusion caused by these people stems solely from an equivocation in language: the terms “hearing” and “sight” can refer to the faculty by which one hears and sees. According to them, Allah is not hearing and seeing in that sense—though the theologians who affirm the attributes do hold so. In their view it is nothing but sheer perception. How, then, can they say that it existed in non-existence with no object of attachment, that it attaches only to what actually exists, and that its attachment to what exists is sheer non-existence? These claims are, of necessity, known (4) to be false, and we have treated the question of voluntary acts in great detail elsewhere (5).