—in his major work, namely Al-Fusul (The Sections) (1), he cited the objections raised by the atheists and materialists in defense of the world’s eternity, answered them in detail, and stated that he had fully reproduced what Ibn al-Rawandi had set down in his well-known book (2) The Crown, a treatise in which Ibn al-Rawandi championed the doctrine of the world’s pre-eternity.
It has also been said that al-Ashʿari, toward the end of his life, conceded the equivalence of the proofs (3). The same pattern is found in al-Razi, for in this matter—namely (4) the question of the origination (5) of bodies—he rehearses the evidences adduced by both parties and, in the last of his writings, composed at the close of his life, the book Al-Matalib al-ʿAliya (The Lofty Demands) (6), he explicitly affirms that the proofs are evenly balanced and that the question belongs to the sphere of perplexing issues
(1) Ibn ʿAsakir records on the authority of Abu Bakr ibn al-Furak that Abu al-Hasan al-Ashʿari authored a work entitled al-Fusul (“The Chapters”), in which he refuted the atheists and those who departed from the community—such as the philosophers, the tabiʿiyyun (naturalists), the dahriyyun (eternists), the mushabbihah (anthropomorphists), and the proponents of the eternity of time—despite the diversity of their views and doctrinal schools. He then proceeded to refute the Brahmins, Jews, Christians, and Magians. This is a large compendium comprising twelve books: the first deals with the affirmation of rational demonstration and the proof of the intellect, and the refutation of those who denied it. He then set out the arguments of the atheists and dahriyyun for the eternity of the world, discussed them, and fully treated what Ibn al-Rawandi mentioned in his book known as al-Taj (“The Crown”), in which Ibn al-Rawandi had defended the view of the world’s eternity. See: Tabyīn Kaḏīb al-Muftarī by Ibn ʿAsakir, pp. 128–29. On al-Fusul, see: Hidayat al-ʿĀrifīn by al-Baghdādī, 1:677; Īḍāḥ al-Maknūn by al-Baghdādī, 2:194. It is not listed among Abu al-Hasan’s works by either Brockelmann (Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 4:39) or Sezgin (Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Theology and Sufism, 1/4:35).
(2) The original reads “bikitābih.” This reading is confirmed by manuscripts S and T.
(3) In his Damm al-Kalām (ms., vol. 7, fol. 33), Abu Ismāʿīl al-Ḥarawī attributes this statement to Zāhir ibn Aḥmad al-Sarakhṣī.
(4) The text enclosed in brackets is an addition found in manuscript T.
(5) The original reads “akẖar ḥudūth.” The passage is coherent with the reading affirmed by manuscripts S and T.
(6) This is the last work composed by al-Rāzī—reflecting the views he settled upon at the end of his life—and it remains extant only in manuscript form. Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ al-Zirkānī states in his Fakhru al-Dīn al-Rāzī wa Ārā’uhu al-Kalāmiyya =