external reality as one and the same entity, not merely as a single species; yet these very people censure anyone who says: “The speech with which Allah spoke—and which His servants recite—the Qur’an that Zayd recites is the very Qur’an that ʿAmr recites,” insisting instead, “Rather, they are two separate and divergent realities (1).
Everyone nevertheless knows that there is a determinate common element that is numerically one (2) in external existence (3), and that between the two there is a legal unity and a relation of one’s following the other such (4) as is not found between those far-removed realities that share nothing more than the most generic class-name, which has no concrete existence at all, let alone being numerically one. As for the multiplicity that does exist, one of the two is dependent on the other; thus they are united from one aspect and distinct from another. Yet they do not charge themselves with inconsistency for merging disparate realities. This (5) is a claim whose falsity every rational person recognizes by sheer necessity, and no one has ever endorsed it in such an unqualified fashion.
By contrast, all mankind are agreed that when they hear something from the messengers, they point to it and say, “This is the speech of the one on whose behalf it is conveyed.” This declaration, unanimously accepted by people, reassuring to the hearts, and employed without restriction in the scriptural texts, they have rejected. The other assertion they invented—unsupported by any text, unspoken by any imam, and inconceivable without its falsity being immediately evident—they nonetheless adopted, making it a cornerstone (6) of the religion.
Thirty-third point: It may therefore be said to them: If you deem it permissible to collapse these distinct realities into a single reality—whether you affirm the existence of a ḥāl or deny it—and to claim that its being a command, a prohibition, and a report, or a command to do such-and-such and a prohibition from such-and-such, are nothing but relational attributes attaching to it, just as naming the meaning that is in