and with the deeds, the fundamental principles and the subsidiary rulings, in Arabic, in Hebrew, and in any other language. The same, they claim, applies to prohibition, and the same to reportage: it is all one single meaning—the very meaning contained in everything Allah has conveyed about His attributes, such as Ayat al-Kursi and Surah al-Ikhlas; in the narratives He has related about the prophets, the believers and the disbelievers; and in His descriptions of Paradise and Hell.
It is obvious that the mere conception of this view yields necessary knowledge of its falsity, as all people of sound reason agree. Among the clearest of self-evident truths is that a command is not an informative statement; that the command concerning the Sabbath is not the command concerning the pilgrimage; and that a report about Allah is not the same as a report about the accursed devil. Whoever turns all these matters into a single reality, and regards command and prohibition as merely accidental qualities attaching to that concrete entity, is not thereby distinguishing categories of some universal speech that has no external existence. In external reality there is no discourse that is, in one and the same essence, both a command to perform the pilgrimage and a report about Hell, just as there is no human being who is, in the very same essence, a suckling calf (1)—even though both are subsumed under the common term “animal,” just as the foregoing is subsumed under the common term “speech.” Anyone who reduces diverse realities to a single thing resembles one who collapses two distinct places (2) into one, so that he imagines a single body (3) occupying both places and then claims that the two places are really one; or who refuses to concede that one is half of two, or who says, “Two is one.” All of this belongs to the same pattern: abolishing multiplicity in things that are truly multiple and treating them as a single entity in