Al-TisʿīniyyaIbn Taimiya

—only figuratively, while you reject any literal reality for it (1), as the majority of your group holds? Or will you say instead that it is called the Speech of Allah merely by virtue of a name it shares with other speech, as some of you contend? These are the two views (2).

If you opt for the first, you must then concede that the Muʿtazilah do not, in fact, believe the Speech of Allah to be created at all. Although they utter that phrase, they are simply mistaken in their wording. Their case would resemble that of a man who says, “I have committed adultery with my own mother,” or, “I have killed a prophet,” when in reality the woman was not his mother and the slain man was no prophet; he is merely in error about what he relates of himself. Yet such a speaker assumes that the act renders him blameworthy, whereas the Muʿtazilah do not blame themselves (3), even though the wider community censures them for it.

A comparable situation would be an unbeliever who imagines that he has killed the leader of the Muslims, or seized a book and torn it up thinking it was the muṣḥaf, or murdered people he supposes to be scholars of the Muslims—believing all the while that these deeds constitute devotion to Allah, when in truth matters are otherwise. So too, in your estimation, are the Muʿtazilah: concerning what they assumed to be the Speech of Allah they declared, “It is created,” and you in turn affirmed that there is no doubt it is created, just as there is no doubt about the killings committed by those men and the tearing up of that book.

(1) In the original, manuscript S reads “yanfi” (he negates), whereas manuscript T preserves “wa-athbata al-munāsib lil-kalām” (and he affirmed what is appropriate to the discourse). (2) Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwaynī mentions both notions in al-Irshād (p. 108), stating: “The acceptable approach for us is to call al-ʿibarāt (expressions) kalām (speech) in the strict sense, while kalām proper denotes the self-originating word; combining the two wards off the confusion of opponents. Among our circle some maintain that al-kalām al-ḥaqīqī (true speech) is only what is self-originating, and that al-ʿibarāt are called kalām only figuratively, just as ʿulūm (sciences) are referred to figuratively—one may say, ‘I heard a ʿilm (knowledge) and grasped ʿulūm (sciences),’ meaning merely that he apprehended the expressions indicating the sciences, and such figurative usages often become established as if they were literal.” See also: Nihāyat al-Iqdām by al-Shahrastānī, pp. 320–321. I would add that by al-ʿibarāt they mean sometimes what signifies the self-originating word (i.e. the meaning) and at other times what is conventionally understood as gestures; thus, for them al-ʿibarāt is not identical with the self-originating meaning. (3) In both S and T: “anfusuhā bidhālika” (themselves in this way). (4) In S: “bi-zannihim” (in their opinion).
مجازًا وتنفي (١) الحقيقة، كمأ قاله جمهوركم؟ أو يقال: بل سمي كلام الله على الاشتراك بينه وبين غيره كما قاله بعضكم؟ على قولين (٢) : فإن قلتم بالأول: لزمكم أن لا تكون المعتزلة تعتقد في الحقيقة أن كلام الله مخلوق بحال، وإن تلفظوا بذلك بألسنتهم فهم مخطئون في هذا اللفظ، وهم بمنزلة من قال: إني زنيت بأمي، أو قتلت نبيًّا، ولم يكن المزني بها أمه، ولا المقتول نبيًّا، فهو مخطئ في هذا الظن فيما يحكيه عن نفسه، لكن هذا القول يظن القائل أنَّه به مذموم، والمعتزلة لا تذم أنفسها (٣) ، وإن كانت الجماعة تذمهم بذلك، فنظير ذلك أن يعتقد بعض الكفار أنَّه قد قتل إمام المسلمين، أو أخذ كتابًا فمزقه يظن أنَّه المصحف، أو قتل أقوامًا يظنهم (٤) علماء المسلمين، وهو عند نفسه متدين بذلك، ولم يكن الأمر كذلك، وهكذا هم المعتزلة عندكم، فإنهم قالوا في الَّذي اعتقدوا أنَّه كلام الله: إنه مخلوق، فقلتم أنتم لا ريب أنَّه مخلوق كما لا ريب في قتل أولئك النفر وتمزيق ذلك
(١) في الأصل، س: ينفي. وأثبت المناسب للكلام من: ط. (٢) ذكرهما إمام الحرمين الجويني في "الإرشاد" ص: ١٠٨ فقال: ". . الطريقة المرضية عندنا أن العبارات تسمى كلامًا على الحقيقة، والكلام القائم بالنفس كلام، وفي الجمع بينهما ما يدرأ تشغيب المخالفين. ومن أصحابنا من قال: الكلام الحقيقي هو القائم بالنفس، والعبارات تسمى كلامًا تجوزًا كما تسمى علومًا تجوزًا، إذ قد يقول القائل: سمعت علمًا وأدركت علومًا، وإنما يريد إدراك العبارات الدالة على العلوم، ورب مجاز يشتهر اشتهار الحقائق". انظر: نهاية الإقدام -للشهرستاني- ص: ٣٢٠، ٣٢١. أقول: ومرادهم بالعبارات هي ما تدل على الكلام القائم بالنفس -أي: المعنى- تارة، وما يصطلح عليه من الإشارات أخرى، فالعبارات عندهم غير المعنى القائم بالنفس. (٣) في س، ط: أنفسها بذلك. (٤) في س: بظنهم.

Company

  • About
  • Pricing
  • Why Translate?

Support

  • Contact us
  • Report a bug
  • Support us
  • Donate
  • AI combat arena

Follow us

© 2026 Kutub. All rights reserved.
Terms and conditionsPrivacy policyCookies