Al-TisʿīniyyaIbn Taimiya

Hence they had no evidence for their claim except what they themselves alleged (1): the supposed possibility that the meaning of an informative statement could exist, for a created being, without knowledge, belief, or even supposition—namely, the case of a false report. They imagined that a person might relate something while lying, so that his statement contradicts what he actually knows. In the same way, they posited that one might issue a command, as a test (2), for something he does not in fact will. They then contended that such a report carries a mental judgment within the soul that is distinct from will. This proof, however, has been hotly disputed and falls far short of the sounder point that can indeed be established about Allah: that a commander may exist who does not will the performance of what He commands.

Sixteenth Point:
The very argument they advance to show that the meaning of a report is other than knowledge is one they themselves admit to be invalid (3). Al-Razi has already expressed this when he said (4):

‘As for the alleged resemblance between the meaning of command and prohibition and that of will and aversion, and between the meaning of an informative statement and that of knowledge:

The first is false, for it has been proven in the matter of creating acts and willing occurrences that Allah may command what He does not will and forbid what He does will. Consequently, the purport of “Do!” and “Do not do!” with respect to Allah must be something other than will; that is the very meaning of speech.

The second is false because, in the observable realm, a human being may pronounce a judgment about something he neither knows, believes, nor even suspects. Therefore the mental judgment observed in this realm is distinct from these states; and once established here, it must likewise be affirmed in the unseen, for there is unanimous agreement that the essence of an informative statement does not differ between the visible and the invisible worlds.’

This is the principle upon which he also relied in his Maḥṣūl, where he posited—

(1) In manuscripts S and T: idda’ahu (“he called it”). (2) In manuscript T: āmur imtihān (“examiner”). (3) In manuscripts S and T: ayḍan bifaṣādihā (“also due to its corruption”). (4) The statement of al-Rāzī was presented earlier on p. 603; here the Shaykh reproduces it in a concise form with slight variations in some expressions.
ولهذا لم يكن لهم حجة على ذلك إلَّا ما ادعوه (١) من إمكان وجود معنى خبر بدون العلم والاعتقاد والظن في حق المخلوق، وهو الخبر الكاذب، فقدروا أن الإنسان يخبر بخبر هو فيه كاذب، وذلك يكون مع علمه بخلاف المخبر، كما قدروا أن يأمر أمر امتحان (٢) بما لا يريده، ثم ادعوا أن هذا الخبر له حكم ذهني في النَّفس غير الإرادة، وهذه الحجة قد نوزعوا في صحتها نزاعًا عظيمًا ليست هي مثل ما أمكن إثباته في حق الله من وجود آمر لم يرد وقوع مأموره. الوجه السادس عشر: أن هذه الحجة التي ذكروها في معنى الخبر وأنه غير العلم، قد أقروا هم بفسادها (٣) ، فإنَّه قد تقدم لفظ الرازي في هذه الحجة بقوله (٤) : وأمَّا شبيه معنى الأمر والنهي بالإرادة والكراهة، ومعنى الخبر بالعلم، والأول: باطل لما ثبت في خلق الأفعال وإرادة الكائنات أن الله قد يأمر بما لا يريد وينهى عما يريد، فوجب أن يكون معنى "افعل" و "لا تفعل" في حق الله شيئًا سوى الإرادة، وذلك هو معنى الكلام. والثاني: باطل لأنَّه في الشاهد قد يحكم الإنسان بما لا يعلمه ولا يعتقده ولا يظنه، فإذن الحكم الذهني في الشاهد مغاير لهذه الأمور، وإذا ثبت ذلك في الشاهد ثبت في الغائب لانعقاد الإجماع على أن ماهية الخبر لا تختلف في الشاهد والغائب. وهذا هو الأصل الذي اعتمد عليه في محصوله -أيضًا- حيث جعل
(١) في س، ط: ادعاه. (٢) في ط: آمر امتحانًا. (٣) في س، ط: أيضًا بفسادها. (٤) قول الرازي تقدم في ص: ٦٠٣، وأورده الشَّيخ هنا بتصرف يسير واختلاف في بعض الألفاظ.

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