Hence they had no evidence for their claim except what they themselves alleged (1): the supposed possibility that the meaning of an informative statement could exist, for a created being, without knowledge, belief, or even supposition—namely, the case of a false report. They imagined that a person might relate something while lying, so that his statement contradicts what he actually knows. In the same way, they posited that one might issue a command, as a test (2), for something he does not in fact will. They then contended that such a report carries a mental judgment within the soul that is distinct from will. This proof, however, has been hotly disputed and falls far short of the sounder point that can indeed be established about Allah: that a commander may exist who does not will the performance of what He commands.
Sixteenth Point:
The very argument they advance to show that the meaning of a report is other than knowledge is one they themselves admit to be invalid (3). Al-Razi has already expressed this when he said (4):
‘As for the alleged resemblance between the meaning of command and prohibition and that of will and aversion, and between the meaning of an informative statement and that of knowledge:
The first is false, for it has been proven in the matter of creating acts and willing occurrences that Allah may command what He does not will and forbid what He does will. Consequently, the purport of “Do!” and “Do not do!” with respect to Allah must be something other than will; that is the very meaning of speech.
The second is false because, in the observable realm, a human being may pronounce a judgment about something he neither knows, believes, nor even suspects. Therefore the mental judgment observed in this realm is distinct from these states; and once established here, it must likewise be affirmed in the unseen, for there is unanimous agreement that the essence of an informative statement does not differ between the visible and the invisible worlds.’
This is the principle upon which he also relied in his Maḥṣūl, where he posited—