—another assertion; yet here they could not say that Allah reports something He does not know, or something He knows to be otherwise. Rather, His knowledge is inseparable from His report, whether that knowledge is the very meaning of the statement or a necessary concomitant of it. For this reason Allah declared that when the Quran came to him, ⦗1⦘ knowledge came to him as well, saying,
“So if anyone argues with you about it after knowledge has come to you…” ⦗2⦘,
and He said,
“And if you were to follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you…” ⦗3⦘.
The leading imams ⦗4⦘ used this as proof for excommunicating those who claimed that the Quran is created. They argued that such a claim entails that the knowledge of Allah is created, for Allah affirmed that what came to His Messenger was knowledge and did not mean the knowledge of anyone else. It must therefore be His own knowledge; and whoever holds that Allah’s knowledge is created and subsists in something other than Him is a disbeliever.
There is no doubt that every command and every report from Allah contains His knowledge—exalted be He—as has already been explained. Yet a command involves a request, and it is over this request ⦗5⦘ that the debate took place: is it in reality something other than will; does it necessarily entail a type of will; is it itself a type of will; or is it identical to will? In any case, it is not knowledge.
As for the informative statement, it unquestionably encompasses the knowledge of Allah, and it is impossible to contend that the meaning of Allah’s report could exist apart from His knowledge. Thus the matter in this regard is clear.