report,(1) and when the meaning of speech is reduced to report while the meaning of report is reduced to knowledge, speech in the end reduces to knowledge. Yet the view of those who claim— as a certain group among them maintains(2)—that all speech collapses into nothing but pure report is a weak view. For although request—namely, command and prohibition—necessarily entails knowledge and information, it is not identical with them. Rather, a person experiences the very reality of a request within himself and grasps it through inner perception, and he feels the difference between that(3) and mere reportage. True, a report as well may, in many situations, imply a request and a volition; but the mutual implication among report, request, knowledge, and will does not preclude our knowing that each of them is not the other. A human being may make a purely informative statement, affirming or denying matters that do not pertain to his own action, even though that may be accompanied by motives of love, hate, and what follows from them. Thus the meaning of his words, “The sky is above us and the earth beneath us,” is sheer information. Likewise, the meaning of his statement, “Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah,” is a report, yet it is followed by love, reverence, and obedience. By contrast, the meaning of expressions such as “Go,” “Come,” “Feed me,” “Give me drink,” and the like is pure request; nevertheless, it is necessarily preceded by knowledge and conscious awareness, just as is the case with all voluntary acts. Command and prohibition are therefore like voluntary actions: each of them entails the inner states of love, desire, and will, together with their concomitants of hatred and aversion. A report entails knowledge, and knowledge, in most matters, entails love, hate, and action as well. For this reason the domain of performative utterances becomes interwoven with that of informative statements, since