only because, in their view, it is impossible for contingent occurrences to subsist in Him (1).
Those who declared it created said so on the ground that attributes cannot subsist in Him, yet in his judgment both arguments are invalid (2). Nevertheless, he appealed to the consensus of the two factions while admitting that the proof of each is unsound; hence their consensus amounts to a consensus upon falsehood.
Ninth Aspect: If, in this matter, no conclusive proof exists except the one he has put forward, and no one before him ever cited it, then no one before him knew the truth of this issue. Such a claim passes judgment on the entire Ummah before him as lacking knowledge of the truth in this fundamental question, and that entails two consequences:
First: the Ummah’s unanimous agreement upon misguidance in this foundational doctrine.
Second: the invalidity of citing their consensus as evidence, for if they spoke without knowledge or proof, both of these objections necessarily follow (3).
Tenth Aspect: This is a composite consensus, similar to arguing for the pre-eternity of speech by the pre-eternity of knowledge; the distinction he draws between them is purely formal (4). His remark to the Muʿtazilah, “We concede that,” is unfounded, for when the Ummah has divided over an issue into two opinions, it is impermissible for later generations to introduce a third opinion (5)—and the Muʿtazilah agree to this. Yet he himself has held