and shakes hands with it, it is as though he has pledged allegiance to his Lord.” (1) — or words to that effect, and the like.
In this case the wording (2) involves figurative usage, even though the speaker’s intended meaning is evident from the very expression. It is therefore taken according to the sense that is apparent in this speaker’s usage, not according to the primary, lexical appearance. Everyone who hears the statement knows what is meant, and that meaning comes to mind immediately; indeed, they would deem it impossible that the first, literal sense was intended. This makes the phrase an explicit text admitting no alternative possibility. Interpreting the wording in this way is not taʾwīl—that is, diverting a term from the dominant probability to a weaker one—at all. This is one of the sources of error for those who go astray in this field, for they imagine that the sense understood from such expressions contradicts the apparent meaning and that the wording therefore requires figurative interpretation.
The second category of expressions consists of those whose meaning involves attribution. This may be a pure attribution, such as “high,” “low,” “above,” “below,” and the like, or it may be a positive quality that nonetheless entails attribution (3), such as knowledge, love, power, incapacity, hearing, and sight. This type of expression cannot possess a single, stand-alone meaning in some of its occurrences for two reasons:
First (4), the term has never been used absolutely on its own.
Second, taking it in isolation would necessarily entail homonymy or metaphor. Rather, its true signification (5) lies in the common element shared by all of its particular applications.