about the position they repudiate, you will find that they have assumed that the apparent sense of this verse is the same as the istiwaʾ of created beings, or an istiwaʾ that entails origination or deficiency. They then attribute this view to their opponents and exhaust themselves (1) in marshaling proofs (2) to refute it.
After that they declare, “It is therefore necessary to interpret the verse, either as domination, or as manifestation and disclosure, or as superiority and pre-eminence, meaning loftiness of rank and station.”
Yet a third meaning remains: an istiwaʾ befitting His majesty. The indication of this wording toward that meaning is like the indication of the words knowledge, will, hearing, and sight toward their respective meanings; revelation has affirmed it.
Indeed, whoever examines the reports of the Messenger—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—at length knows with absolute certainty that he transmitted to the community that your Lord (3) whom you worship is above everything and over everything: above the Throne and above (4) the heavens. He also knows that for the vast majority of the early generations this was as self-evident to them as their belief that Allah is All-Knowing of everything and All-Powerful over everything, and that not a single statement—explicit or implicit—has been transmitted from any one of them pointing to the contrary.
Never did any of them, at any time, say: “Our Lord is not above the Throne,” or “He is not upon the Throne,” or “His istiwaʾ upon the Throne is like His istiwaʾ upon the sea,” or any other such absurdities of the Jahmiyyah. Nor did they liken His istiwaʾ to the istiwaʾ of created beings, nor affirm for Him any attribute that entails origination or deficiency.
What will make clear to you the error of the one who designates as “the apparent sense” (5) the meaning that befits