—an attribute subsisting in Allah; if it is conveyed in Hebrew it is the Torah, [and if conveyed in Syriac it is the Gospel] (1), and if conveyed in Arabic it is the Qur’an. They further said that command, prohibition, and narrative are merely qualities of that one meaning, not separate divisions, and that the letters of the Qur’an are created—Allah Himself produced them, yet He did not speak them, nor are they part of His speech, for His speech, they claimed, is not composed of letter or sound.
Others from among the affirmers (2) opposed them, saying, “Rather, the Qur’an consists of the very letters and sounds.” Some people imagined that by “letters” they meant the ink on the page and by “sounds” the voices of human beings, but no scholar has ever advanced such a notion.
The correct view, upheld by the predecessors of the Muslim community—such as Imām Ahmad, al-Bukhārī, the author of the Ṣaḥīḥ, in his book The Creation of the Acts of the Servants and elsewhere, and all the other imams before and after them—is to follow the authentic texts and the consensus of the early generations. That view is that the entire Qur’an is the speech of Allah, its letters and its meanings alike; none of it is the speech of anyone else. Allah revealed it to His Messenger. The term “Qur’an” applies neither to the meaning alone nor to the letters alone, but to the union of both. Likewise, speech in general is neither letters only nor meanings only, just as a speaking human being is neither the soul alone nor the body alone, but the combination of the two. And Allah, exalted is He,