uttered it (1)(2), and he further affirmed that none of the scholars had ever said such a thing. Then what of the one who alleges that the servant’s very voice is eternal? Even more offensive is the report—falsely attributed to certain scholars—that the ink inside the muṣḥaf is eternal (3). All the leading disciples of the Imam, and others besides them, have denounced this view. I have never known a single scholar to uphold it; it is mentioned only in what reaches us from some ignorant people. Allah has distinguished in His Book between speech and ink, saying:
“Say: ‘If the sea were ink for the words of my Lord, the sea would run dry before the words of my Lord were exhausted, even if We brought the like of it as replenishment.’” (4)
From this angle, therefore, the claim is manifestly erroneous.
The same applies to anyone who maintains that the Qur’an is preserved in the breasts just as Allah is known in the hearts; that it is recited on the tongues just as Allah is mentioned on the tongues; and that it is written in the muṣḥaf just as Allah is written—then proceeds to equate the Qur’an’s existence in hearts, tongues, and manuscripts with the very existence of Allah’s Essence in those places. Such a person is likewise in error. The difference between the presence of concrete entities in the muṣḥaf and the presence of speech therein is clear and obvious. Existing things (5) possess four levels of existence: an external level, a mental level, a verbal level, and a written level. Knowledge corresponds to the external entity; speech corresponds to knowledge; and writing corresponds to speech.
Thus, if it is said, “The external entity is in the book,” as in His statement, “And everything—” (6)