of its inhabitants, chief among them the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustaʿsim Billah (1).
After the Tatars had seized Iraq, Khurasan, and other parts of the East, the road to Syria lay wide open before them. They hurried with their armies across the Euphrates, quickly capturing Aleppo and then Damascus, and under the command of Hulagu reached Gaza on their march toward Egypt. At that point al-Malik al-Muzaffar Qutuz (2), the sultan of Egypt, took them by surprise with his army, and a battle was fought at ʿAyn Jalut (3) in 658 AH that ended with the Tatars’ defeat and flight (4).
Yet the Tatars returned once more to invade Syria in 699 AH, heading for Damascus. The city’s notables, together with Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah, agreed to go out to Ghazan, the Tatar ruler, confront him before he entered the city, and secure safe-conduct for its people. They went to him, and the Shaykh addressed him in stern and forceful terms that brought immense benefit to the Muslims (5): blood was spared, families were protected, and the Tatars withdrew after Egyptian troops arrived to support the people of Syria.
He—may Allah have mercy on him—would constantly exhort the Muslims to engage in jihad and to be prepared for it at any moment,