Reason, then, is (1) the faculty that grasps the universal, shared measure found among the individual entities it perceives; yet the universal, as universal, (2) has no concrete existence except in the mind, not in external reality. This self-evident premise is the ground upon which the people of faith stand, along with all who have remained upon the fiṭrah among the Magians, the Jews, the Christians, the Sabians, and others.
Likewise, every sound innate disposition concurs in affirming the Maker, acknowledging that He is above the cosmos, and that whenever He is supplicated human beings instinctively turn upward with their hearts, their eyes, and their hands.
Because the root of Jahm’s doctrine derives from the corrupted Sabians (3)—who are worse than the Jews and the Christians, though still better than the idolaters, like those with whom Jahm debated and others who either negate the very existence of the Maker or demand the worship of another god alongside Him—the Sabians in question are not of that sort. Even though they do not oblige shirk (associating others with Allah), they do not forbid it either; rather, they regard both pure monotheism and polytheism as equally permissible, rejecting neither, as their words and writings plainly show.
Yet people are not of one rank in their adherence to jahmiyyah; their divergence within jahmiyyah resembles their divergence within tashayyuʿ (4). Indeed, jahmiyyah and rafḍ are among the gravest of innovations—if not the very gravest.