= mashiyan and al-mashāʾūn: the followers of Aristotle, the teacher of doctrinal teachings, between whom and their master there is a dispute too extensive to detail. See: The Philosophical Dictionary by Jamil Sulayba, vol. 2, p. 373; Repelling the Contradiction between Reason and Revelation (Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql), vol. 1, p. 157. (1) Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād (The Creation of Human Actions), p. 30. (2) He is Abū Rajāʾ Qutayba ibn Saʿīd ibn Jamīl ibn Ṭarīf al-Thaqafī, known as al-Baghlānī (from Baghilān, a village near Balkh). A trustworthy hadith transmitter, he is cited by al-Bukhārī and Muslim in their Ṣaḥīḥs, among others. Born in 150 AH, died in 240 AH. See: Tārīkh Baghdād by al-Baghdādī, vol. 12, pp. 464–470; Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ by al-Dhahabī, vol. 11, pp. 13–24; Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb by Ibn Ḥajar, vol. 8, pp. 358–361. (3) The word “this” is omitted in Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād. (4) He is al-Jaʿd ibn Durrah, an innovative and misguided figure who asserted the createdness of the Qurʾān, denied that God took Abraham as khalīl or spoke to Moses by direct discourse; he tutored Marwān al-Ḥimār and al-Jahm ibn Ṣafwān, and was killed by Khalid ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Qasrī. See: Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl by al-Dhahabī, vol. 1, p. 399; Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ by al-Dhahabī, vol. 5, p. 432; al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya by Ibn Kathīr, vol. 9, pp. 394–395; vol. 10, p. 23. (5) Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād, pp. 29–30. This is transmitted with the isnād cited by al-Bukhārī, as recorded by al-Dhahabī in Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, vol. 5, p. 432. (6) He is Abū Muḥammad al-Qāsim ibn Abī Sufyān Muḥammad ibn Ḥumayd al-Maʿmārī al-Baghdādī, from whom Qutayba ibn Saʿīd narrated and whom he authenticated. Died in 228 AH. See: Tārīkh Baghdād by al-Baghdādī, vol. 12, p. 425; Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl by al-Dhahabī, vol. 3, p. 378; Khulāṣat Tahdhīb al-Kamāl by Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Anṣārī, p. 313. (7) In Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād: “Habībah.” (8) He is ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb ibn Abī Ḥabīb al-Jirmī (with a fatḥa on the mīm), author of al-Anmāṭ; al-Dhahabī remarks: “These men are not known.”