Moreover, to deny this of any existent—whether of the Necessary Being or of a contingent being (1)—is, by rational necessity, manifestly unsound. For reason knows intuitively that the existence of a self-subsistent entity is impossible wherever another self-subsistent entity is present, or that it could exist only in a locus where another self-subsistent entity (2) is found (3). Every existent is either separate from and distinct to everything else, placing it in what they call the privative direction, or it is in contact with and included within something else, placing it in the positive (existent) direction. In their view, the existence of something in neither a positive direction nor a privative direction is, in plain reason, impossible. Their position also accords with the innate disposition of humankind and with what has come in (4) the Book, the Sunnah, and the consensus of the first generations of the ummah and its leading scholars.
In sum, this dispute is well-known and conspicuous. Therefore, it is no light matter to dismiss it with a bare claim (5) unsupported by either scriptural or rational evidence, and then oblige people to believe it and punish whoever refuses.
Some people, however, may mean by “direction” [something that is not separate from the one described as being in that direction] (6).