they forge against the people of affirmation; then they put forward a vague, equivocal wording that can serve both to deny that false notion and to deny what is in fact true. They utter it without clarification, thereby deceiving the uninformed masses. Yet once the matter is probed and questions are raised, the secrets are laid bare, night becomes distinct from day, and the people of faith and certainty are set apart from the duplicitous hypocrites—those who blend truth with falsehood and knowingly suppress the truth.
Hence the issue is this: if the one who voices such a statement does not intend by it to deny Allah’s exaltedness above His Throne and His being over His creation (1), there is no dispute about the meaning he intends. Still, his wording does not convey that meaning; rather, it conveys or at least suggests its negation. He must therefore declare, “By denying direction and spatial confinement I do not mean to deny that Allah is above His Throne and above His creation.” (2) Once he has clarified himself in this manner and restricted his language so as to remove the ambiguity, the people who affirm the attributes will agree with him in negating direction and spatial confinement under that specific explanation.
However, if his words actually entail that Allah is neither upon the Throne nor above the universe, then let him state that plainly and unambiguously, so that the believers may understand his words and discern his intent and aim. When Muslims are shown the true import of this claim—that its substance is that there is no Lord above the heavens (3), no God upon the Throne, and that