or else I render that meaning in equivalent expressions whose conformity to their intent is plain to the listener. (5) As for the ambiguous terms that they (1) advance, I clarify them and set them out in detail. For the people of vain desire—just as Imām Aḥmad (2) said in his work Refutation of the Heretics and the Jahmites (3) concerning their misgivings about the Quran’s verses of multiple possible readings, which they construed contrary to their true sense—he said:
“All praise belongs to Allah who, in every age lacking messengers, raises up vestiges of the people of knowledge. They summon those who have gone astray to guidance and patiently endure the harm they suffer. By the Book of Allah they give life to the dead, and with the light of Allah they bring sight to the blind. How many a victim of Iblīs have they revived, and how many a lost wanderer have they directed aright! How excellent is their influence on the people, and how deplorable (4) the people’s influence on them.
They repel from the Book of Allah the distortions of the extremists, the fabrications of the falsifiers, and the misinterpretations of the ignorant—those who have hoisted the banners of innovation and unleashed (5) the reins of turmoil. They stand opposed to the Book, differ about the Book (6), yet are united only in their abandonment of the Book. They speak about Allah, concerning Allah, and about the Book of Allah without knowledge. They discourse in ambiguous (7) language and deceive the uninformed masses with the semblances they present. We seek refuge with Allah from the trials stirred up by those who lead astray. (8)”
Thus, he has informed us that the people of innovation and misguided desires speak in ambiguous language,