(1) He is Abu ’Abd Allah Muhammad ibn ’Umar ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan ibn ’Ali al-Tamimi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani al-Razi, nicknamed Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and known as Ibn al-Khatib al-Shafi‘i. He was of a stern countenance, though it is said he recanted at the end of his life. He composed numerous works across various disciplines, among them in the science of theology (kalam): al-Matalib al-ʿAliya, al-Arbaʿin, al-Muhassal, and others. Born 544 AH, died 606 AH. See: Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-Aʿyan, vol. 4, pp. 248–252; al-Dhahabi, Siyar Aʿlam al-Nubala, vol. 21, pp. 500–501; al-Safadi, al-Wafi bil-Wafayat, vol. 4, pp. 248–259; Ibn ʿImad, Shudhurat al-Dhahab, vol. 5, pp. 21–22. (2) This work was authored by al-Razi for the Ayyubid sultan al-Malik al-ʿAdil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr and sent to him as a gift. See: al-Razi, Asas al-Taqdis, p. 3; Hajji Khalifa, Kashf al-Zunun, vol. 1, p. 333; Ibn Taymiyya, Bayan Talbis al-Jahmiyya, vol. 1, p. 3. The book collects the principal arguments of the Jahmiyya, examines the foundations of their doctrines, and— as Shaykh al-Islam remarks, “I have not seen anything like it…”—refutes these arguments, exposes their rational sophistries, and invalidates their figurative readings of the scriptural proofs. See also: Majmuʿ al-Fatawa, vol. 6, p. 289; Minqid Tasis al-Jahmiyya (or Bayan Talbis al-Jahmiyya fi Tasis Badaʾihim al-Kalamiyya), Government Press, 1391 AH, 2 vols., ed. Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Qasim. (3) Hajji Khalifa lists it under the title Nihayat al-ʿUqul fi al-Kalam fi Dirayat al-Usul (“Perfection of Intellects in Theology in the Study of the [Religious] Principles”), arranged in twenty chapters. See: Kashf al-Zunun, vol. 2, p. 1988. The work remains in manuscript at the Egyptian National Library, shelf no. 748, under “Tawhid.”