= 1/235–249; 2/298–338. Al-Tanbīh wa al-Radd ‘alā Ahl al-Ahwā’ wa al-Bid‘a by al-Malṭī, pp. 35–43. Al-Milal wa al-Nihal by al-Shahrastānī, 1/43–85. Al-Tabsīr fī al-Dīn by al-Isfarā’īnī, pp. 63–95. Madhāhib al-Islāmiyyīn by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī, 1/37 ff. Duḥā al-Islām by Aḥmad Amīn, 3/21 ff. (1) Al-Ashʿarīyah: the school founded by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. His biography was given above (p. 169) in the section on its authentication. In his final work, al-Ibānah—his last composition—he explicitly renounced his former creed and followed Imam Aḥmad (may God have mercy on him). Nevertheless, his followers, adhering to his earlier doctrine, have vainly sought to question the attribution of this book to him, on account of its inclusion of the fundamental principles of the Salafī creed which he had once upheld. Dr. Ṣāliḥ al-Fawzān writes in his introduction to this edition, noting that it is a precious text containing the core beliefs of Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jamā‘a: “This serves as a refutation of those who claim affiliation to this imam while in fact opposing him in this doctrine and remaining with deviant sects, thus demonstrating that their claim is false—indeed, it is an injustice and a lie against him.” Al-Ibānah by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, ed. Dr. Ṣāliḥ al-Fawzān, pp. 3, 15. See also: Tabyīn Kaḏb al-Muftari by Ibn ʿAsākir, p. 152; Madhāhib al-Islāmiyyīn by Dr. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī, 1/487–564, 592–632, 675–678, 699–748; Al-Ashʿarī by Dr. Ḥamūda Gharāba, pp. 60–200; Nashʾat al-Ashʿarīyah wa Taṭawwuruhā by Dr. Jalāl Mūsā, p. 163 ff. (2) In the printed edition: “al-mutāʾakhirīn” (the later ones). (3) In the original: “thanāʾahu”; I have adopted what appeared to me correct from the manuscripts and print. Al-shaʾw: aim and aspiration. (4) In the original: “al-nāǧī” (the saved), which is an error. He is Abū al-Walīd Sulaymān ibn Khalaf ibn Saʿīd al-Tujībī al-Qurṭubī al-Bājī, a Maliki jurist and scholar of ḥadīth, author of numerous works, among them Al-Muntaqā in fiqh…