= Muhammad ibn Karram and his expulsion from Herat, according to some reports. He died in 280 AH. See: Al-Jarḥ wa-al-Taʿdīl by Ibn Abī Ḥātim, vol. 3, p. 153 (d. 837 CE); Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah by Ibn Abī Yaʿlā, vol. 1, p. 221; Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ by al-Dhahabī, vol. 13, pp. 319–326. (1) His works include al-Radd ʿalā al-Jahmiyyah (Refutation of the Jahmiyya), edited by Zuhayr al-Shāwish, and Naqd ʿalā Bishr al-Muraysī (Refutation of Bishr al-Muraysī), edited and annotated by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī, who titled it Radd al-Dārimī ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd ʿalā Bishr al-Muraysī al-ʿAnīd (Al-Dārimī’s Refutation by ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd of the Stubborn Bishr al-Muraysī). Both works were highly praised by numerous imams of the Salaf (may God have mercy on them). Ibn al-Qayyim writes in his Kitāb Ijtimāʿ al-Juyūsh al-Islāmiyyah (p. 143): “His two books, Naqd ʿalā Bishr al-Muraysī and Radd ʿalā al-Jahmiyyah, are among the finest and most beneficial works on the Sunnah. Every student of the Sunnah who wishes to know the positions upheld by the Companions, the Successors, and the imams must read these two works. Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah (may God have mercy on him) strongly recommended them and held them in the highest esteem. They present tawḥīd (monotheism) and the divine names and attributes through reason and transmitted evidence in a way unmatched elsewhere.” I would add that the endorsement by Shaykh al-Islām (may God have mercy on him) here attests to their significance. Ibn al-Qayyim also cited them repeatedly in this treatise while discussing certain sects that erred regarding the divine names and attributes, as will be shown. (2) His biography was given above, p. 134. (3) This may refer to the work Radd ʿalā al-Jahmiyyah wa-al-Zinādīqah (Refutation of the Jahmiyya and the Infidels), edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī, Cairo, 1374 AH, in the collection Shudhurāt al-Bulāṭīn min Ṭayyibāt Kalimāt Ṣalafinā al-Ṣāliḥīn; it was also published with critical notes by Dr. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿUmayrah, Riyadh, 1397 AH. In this work, Imam Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (may God have mercy on him) refuted the Jahmiyya—those who asserted the createdness of the Qurʾān, debated the vision of God, and questioned the actions of His servants. Ibn al-Qayyim (may God have mercy on him) records in his Kitāb Ijtimāʿ al-Juyūsh al-Islāmiyyah (p. 131) that the judge Abū al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Qāḍī Abī Yaʿlā said: “I read in the book of Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, who said: ‘I read to my father…’”