Allah, the Glorified and Exalted, ascends to the nearest heaven every night. Hadith no. 446, Kitāb al-Duʿāʾ (Book of Supplications), chapter 79, hadith no. 3498. This compendium has been explained and abridged by several scholars such as Ibn al-ʿArabī, al-Suyūṭī, and others. Fuʾād Sezgin writes in History of Arabic Heritage – Qurʾanic and Hadith Sciences (vol. I/1, p. 299): “...Muḥammad is among the authoritative works of uṣūl (principles), and it excelled primarily in its critical observations on the isnāds (chains of transmission)...” See also Sezgin, History of Arabic Heritage, I/1, pp. 302–303. See: History of Arabic Literature by C. Brockelmann, vol. 3, pp. 189–192. For the biography, see Wafayāt al-Aʿyān by Ibn Khallikan, vol. 4, p. 278. Tadhkirat al-Ḥuffāẓ by al-Dhahabī, vol. 2, pp. 633, 635. Al-Wāfī bi’l-Wafayāt by al-Ṣafadī, vol. 4, pp. 294–296. Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb by Ibn Ḥajar, vol. 9, pp. 387–389. Al-Aʿlām by al-Zarkalī, vol. 7, p. 213. (1) He is Abu ʿAbd Allāh Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir al-Asbahī, one of the major figures of Islam, the Imam of Madīnah, and one of the four Imams according to Ahl al-Sunnah; the Mālikī school is named after him. He was born in 93 AH and died in 179 AH. Among his works is al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, which he abridged repeatedly; it includes, alongside hadith and fiqh, the fatāwā (legal opinions) of reliable scholars, and also contains traditions on divine attributes refuting the Jahmiyyah and Muʿtazilah. See, for example: al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, Kitāb al-Qurʾān, chapter “On Supplication,” hadith nos. 30–31; Kitāb al-Jihād, chapter “Martyrs in the Path of Allāh,” hadith no. 28; etc. Scholars have extensively studied and commented on the Muwaṭṭaʾ. For details, see: History of Arabic Literature (Brockelmann), vol. 3, pp. 275–280; Sezgin, History of Arabic Heritage, I/3, pp. 130–142; for biography: Wafayāt al-Aʿyān (Ibn Khallikan), vol. 4, pp. 135–139; Tadhkirat al-Ḥuffāẓ (al-Dhahabī), pp. 207–213; Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb (Ibn Ḥajar), vol. 10, pp. 5–9; Shadharāt al-Dhahab (Ibn al-ʿImād), vol. 1, pp. 289–292; al-Aʿlām (al-Zarkalī), vol. 6, p. 128. (2) He is Imam Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Shāfiʿī, one of the Imams =