I say: There is no doubt that the Ashʿarīs learned the Book and the Sunnah only from the followers of Imām Aḥmad and the like in Basra and Baghdad. Al-Ashʿarī studied the Sunnah in Basra with Zakariyya ibn Yaḥyā (1) al-Sājī, one of the hadith scholars who adhered to Aḥmad and those of similar persuasion; then, when he reached Baghdad, he studied under the scholars who resided there. For this reason, most of the expressions he quotes on the authority of Ahl al-Sunnah and the people of hadith are either the very phrases of Zakariyya ibn Yaḥyā al-Sājī with which he described the doctrine of Ahl al-Sunnah, or the wording of the disciples of Imām Aḥmad and what is transmitted from Aḥmad in his comprehensive epistles on the Sunnah. Otherwise, al-Ashʿarī had no real expertise in the creed of Ahl al-Sunnah and the hadith scholars; he knew their statements only in outline and was unaware of the details of their views and those of their leading imams, and he altered some of what he transmitted from them by his own ijtihād in places that a discerning reader can detect.
By contrast, his knowledge of the doctrines of the speculative theologians was complete and detailed. Accordingly, when he authored his book Maqālāt (2) al-Islāmiyyīn, he set forth the views of the mutakallimūn and their disagreements in full detail, whereas concerning Ahl al-Sunnah and the people of hadith he mentioned only general (3) summaries (4) of their positions, even though in the finer points of those doctrines they possess far more material than the theologians. He likewise recorded the disputes among the theologians on subtle matters (5),