and My beloved.’ They likewise related that the Messiah said to the disciples, ‘My Father and your Father,’ thus designating Him the Father of all, even though they are all created beings. Consequently, the title “son” attaches to the Messiah only insofar as he is a created human being (nāsūt). Those who went astray, however, transferred the title “son” to the divine nature (lāhūt), claiming it to be eternal, pre-existent, “begotten, not created.”

They further asserted that “son” may be understood in two distinct senses: a “son by designation,” who is created, and a “son by nature,” who is the eternal, pre-existent, begotten yet uncreated. This entire distinction is their own innovation; it is found nowhere in the speech of the Messiah or anyone else. Never did he call the Eternal, Pre-existent One a “son,” nor did he establish for Him an eternal, begotten, uncreated son, nor did he ever designate any of Allah’s attributes as a “son.”

In the same way, the expression “Holy Spirit” appears in several passages of the prophets