“…and, ‘They have certainly disbelieved who say, “Allah is the third of three.”’ ⦗al-Maʾidah 73⦘.

The Exalted also says:

“Fight those who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not embrace the religion of truth, from among those who were given the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah with their own hands while they are humbled.” ⦗al-Tawbah 29⦘.

In these verses the preposition min (“from”) functions to designate a genus: it identifies the class to which what precedes it belongs, even though that antecedent is already subsumed under the entirety of the class mentioned after it. This differs from cases where min is partitive, as in His statement, “The disbelievers from among the People of the Scripture…” ⦗al-Bayyinah 1⦘.

Accordingly, every idol-worshipper and every member of the People of the Scripture who disbelieved after the Prophet’s mission—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—falls under the heading “those who disbelieved.” Likewise, all People of the Scripture to whom his call reached yet who did not believe are included among “those who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not adopt the religion of truth.” The same applies to His saying