that Muhammad—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—confirmed and never repealed. It is common knowledge that anything Allah has commanded through the tongue of a prophet, which the succeeding prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—does not annul but rather endorses, remains a divine command transmitted from one prophet to the next. Nothing in the advent of the later messenger eliminates the duty to follow what the earlier messenger had enjoined and the later one ratified.

Hence, it is impermissible to claim that Allah, by means of the second Scripture, abrogates everything He had legislated in the first. What is actually abrogated is small in comparison with the great many rulings on which the Scriptures and religious laws are in full agreement.

Moreover, the Torah and the Gospel contain clear indications of Muhammad’s prophethood—may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Therefore, when the followers of the Torah and the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed in those books, they are in fact judging by that which obliges them to follow Muhammad—may Allah bless him and grant him peace.

This demonstrates that the Torah and the Gospel contain passages they recognise as having been sent down by Allah; for they would not have been instructed to judge by what Allah revealed while remaining ignorant of what He revealed. Judgment pertains to commands and prohibitions, and knowing some of the meanings of the Scriptures does not preclude ignorance of other parts—an understanding that is universally acknowledged with respect to essential doctrines. Indeed, Muslims, Jews, and Christians all agree that the divine books command the worship of Allah alone, without partner; that He has sent human messengers to creation; that He has made justice obligatory and forbidden oppression, indecency, idolatry, and similar precepts.