up to His words:

“And how can they make you their judge when they still have the Torah in which is Allah’s ruling?” ⦗al-Maʾida 43⦘

From this it is understood that the Torah which remained after the destruction of the Temple, after the campaign of Nebuchadnezzar, after the advent of the Messiah (Jesus), and after the commissioning of Muhammad—peace and blessings be upon him—did in fact contain Allah’s judgment. The same applies to the Torah that was in the possession of the Jews of Madinah during the lifetime of the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him.

If it is objected that some of its wording was altered after his mission, we cannot testify that every copy on earth underwent such alteration, for that is unknown to us and, in any case, impossible to establish. It is conceivable that many copies were modified and that this version then spread among their followers, so that most people possessed only the post-alteration text. Even so, many copies of the Torah and the Gospel generally agree, differing only in a few expressions. The alteration of the wording in a small number of copies after the Prophet’s mission—peace and blessings be upon him—is possible, and no one can decisively deny it; nor can any Jew or Christian affirm that every copy of the two Scriptures in existence is identical in wording, for no one has the means to know that. The slight variation in the wording of these books