and Abū al-Wafāʾ ibn ʿAqīl and others.

A second opinion holds, rather, that the praiseworthiness or reprehensibility of acts can indeed be grasped by human reason.

Abū al-Khaṭṭāb Maḥfūẓ ibn Aḥmad said, “This is the view espoused by the majority of jurists and speculative theologians.”

It is the position transmitted from Abū Ḥanīfah himself; most of his disciples endorse it, along with many adherents of Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and Aḥmad, and a considerable number of ḥadith scholars such as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Tamīmī, Abū al-Khaṭṭāb, Abū Bakr al-Qaffāl, and Abū Naṣr