And there is no one who loves to be praised more than Allah; for that reason He praised Himself. Nor is there anyone whose protective jealousy is greater than Allah’s; for that reason He prohibited all acts of indecency, whether overt or hidden.

People have long disagreed over the intrinsic goodness or evil of actions—such as the goodness of justice, monotheism, and truthfulness, and the evil of injustice, polytheism, and lying—whether these moral qualities can be known through reason alone or only through revelation. And if it is said that reason is sufficient to recognize them, the question then arises: is a person punished who